Pragmatics

كانت محاضره اليوم في تمام الساعه 1 بعد الظهر للدكتوره/هاله راشد
واتكلمت المحاضره عن شيئين مهمين .
اولا : فوائد دراسه علم اللغويات
ثانيا : speech act theory
وفي اخر المحاضره طلبت الدكتوره عمل شبه بحث عن ال"pragmatics"
ومطلوب منا اربع تعريفات مختلفه مع كتابه ال"source"
ودا مهم اوي.

اولا بالنسبه لفوائد علم اللغويات
دي معروفه تقريبا

ثانيا : speech act theory

Speech act is a technical term in linguistics and the philosophy of language. Precise conceptions vary.

Following the usage of, for example, John R. Searle, "speech act" is often meant to refer just to the same thing as the term illocutionary act, which John L. Austin had originally introduced in How to Do Things with Words (published posthumously in 1962).

According to Austin's preliminary informal description, the idea of an "illocutionary act" can be captured by emphasising that "by saying something, we do something", as when someone orders someone else to go by saying "Go!", or when a minister joins two people in marriage saying, "I now pronounce you husband and wife." (Austin would eventually define the "illocutionary act" in a more exact manner.)


[edit] Examples
Greeting (in saying, "Hi John!", for instance), apologizing ("Sorry for that!"), describing something ("It is snowing"), asking a question ("Is it snowing?"), making a request and giving an order ("Could you pass the salt?" and "Drop your weapon or I'll shoot you!"), or making a promise ("I promise I'll give it back") are typical examples of "speech acts" or "illocutionary acts".
In saying, "Watch out, the ground is slippery", Peter performs the speech act of warning Mary to be careful.
In saying, "I will try my best to be at home for dinner", Peter performs the speech act of promising to be at home in time.
In saying, "Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention, please?", Peter requests the audience to be quiet.
In saying, "Can you race with me to that building over there?", Peter challenges Mary.

واخيرا الجزء الاخير عن ال"pragmatics"

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics concerned with speech acts, and how communication is achieved in a given instance of language use; it studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.[1] In this respect, pragmatics is the study of how the meaning of a sentence (or other linguistic unit) changes depending on how and where it is expressed, or on the structural ambiguity in language.[2] The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. An utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic.

Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the way in which we reach our goals in communication. Suppose a person wanted to ask someone to stop smoking. This could be achieved by using several utterances. The person could simply say, "Stop smoking, please!" which is a direct method and has clear semantic meaning. Alternatively, the person could say, "Whew, this room could use an air purifier" which implies a similar meaning but is indirect and therefore requires pragmatic inference to derive the intended meaning.

Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience.

دا شرح مختصر عن ال"pragmatics"

اما عن حكايه كتابه ال"source"
طلبت الدكتوره مع كل تعريف ان نكتب ال "knowledge source"
وهي كالتالي :
هتكتب اولا اسم الكاتب او المؤلف " الاسم الاخير ، الاسم الاول "
ثانيا سنه نشر العمل ، بعد كده اسم هذا العمل ، واخيرا مكان النشر.